Inal wing disk (anterior to the left and dorsal to the

Inal wing disk (anterior to the left and dorsal to the top) stained for GFP. All cells stain green and are thus either heterozygous or homozygous (bright green) for the Pseudopneumoniae, S. mitis, S. parasanguinis, S. australis, S. mutans, S. peroris FRT42B, GFP chromosome; loss of GFP would mark clones of homozygous FRT42B, Spt5MGE. Similarly, when we induced homozygous germ-line clones of Spt5MGE in females using the FLP/FRT/ovoD technique [62], they did not lay any eggs indicating that homozygous Spt5MGE clones are cell lethal (data not shown). B) Residual wing stub from fly expressing 765Gal4.UAS-RNAi-Spt5 at 18uC the portion of the wing expressing 765Gal4 does not develop as there is a deficit of cells consistent with expression of UAS-RNAi-Spt5 being lethal to cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070184.gimpractical. However, we do find that Spt5 and Pho co-localize to over 1000 peaks of binding in Drosophila S2 cells, supporting the model that they can interact directly. We have also detected a genetic interaction between alleles of pho and Spt5 during PcG repression and wing maturation, indicating that they D to play a role in maintaining immune homeostasis in the function together in vivo. Previous studies have generated speculation about a direct interaction between PcG proteins and the transcription elongation complex. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), there is a wellestablished link between PcG repression and polymerase pausing at bivalent genes [37,38,39]. However, the composition of PcG complexes differs between flies and mice, and YY1 (the mouse orthologue of Pho) is not as commonly associated with PcG complexes as Pho [40]. Thus the observations made in mouse may have limited relevance with respect to our observations in Drosophila. In Drosophila, the observation that stalled RNAP II persists in tissues where Ubx and Abd-B are silenced by the PcG complex lead to the supposition that RNAP II elongation factors “somehow communicate with the PcG-silencing complex” [41]. Others noted that PRC1 preferentially binds to promoters associated with stalled RNAP II in Drosophila S2 cells [42]. We have confirmed that there is indeed a direct physical interaction between at least one of the RNAP II elongation factors (Spt5) and one member of the PcG complex (Pho) in Drosophila. We have also detected a genetic interaction between the Spt5W049 and phocv alleles in vivo. The W049 variant of Spt5 causes ectopic 23148522 transcription through the P-TEFb checkpoint [11]. Thus, we propose a model in which Spt5 acts together Pho to prevent RNAP II transcribing through the P-TEFb checkpoint to maintain PcG repression. In Spt5W049/+; phocv/phocv flies, the effects of the greatly reduced levels of Pho on PcG repression are exacerbated by a proportion of the remaining Pho interacting with the W049 variant of Spt5 that allows aberrant transcription through the PTEFb checkpoint. Pho also functions independently of PcG complexes. One example of this is Pho’s function during the recovery from heat shock to repress heat shock gene expression to basal levels [26]. The mechanism to establish recovery from heat shock involves inducing RNAP II to pause at the P-TEFb checkpoint [43]. Observations made by Beisel at al., lead to a speculative model that Pho interacts directly with the RNAP II elongation complex or a remodeling complex [26]. Our observation that Pho interacts with Spt5 supports this model. Mutations in Spt5 lead to a greatly diminished heat shock response, making it difficult to evaluate the role of Spt5 in heat shock recovery ([11] and BHJ unpublished data). However, Spt5 and Pho co-l.Inal wing disk (anterior to the left and dorsal to the top) stained for GFP. All cells stain green and are thus either heterozygous or homozygous (bright green) for the FRT42B, GFP chromosome; loss of GFP would mark clones of homozygous FRT42B, Spt5MGE. Similarly, when we induced homozygous germ-line clones of Spt5MGE in females using the FLP/FRT/ovoD technique [62], they did not lay any eggs indicating that homozygous Spt5MGE clones are cell lethal (data not shown). B) Residual wing stub from fly expressing 765Gal4.UAS-RNAi-Spt5 at 18uC the portion of the wing expressing 765Gal4 does not develop as there is a deficit of cells consistent with expression of UAS-RNAi-Spt5 being lethal to cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070184.gimpractical. However, we do find that Spt5 and Pho co-localize to over 1000 peaks of binding in Drosophila S2 cells, supporting the model that they can interact directly. We have also detected a genetic interaction between alleles of pho and Spt5 during PcG repression and wing maturation, indicating that they function together in vivo. Previous studies have generated speculation about a direct interaction between PcG proteins and the transcription elongation complex. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), there is a wellestablished link between PcG repression and polymerase pausing at bivalent genes [37,38,39]. However, the composition of PcG complexes differs between flies and mice, and YY1 (the mouse orthologue of Pho) is not as commonly associated with PcG complexes as Pho [40]. Thus the observations made in mouse may have limited relevance with respect to our observations in Drosophila. In Drosophila, the observation that stalled RNAP II persists in tissues where Ubx and Abd-B are silenced by the PcG complex lead to the supposition that RNAP II elongation factors “somehow communicate with the PcG-silencing complex” [41]. Others noted that PRC1 preferentially binds to promoters associated with stalled RNAP II in Drosophila S2 cells [42]. We have confirmed that there is indeed a direct physical interaction between at least one of the RNAP II elongation factors (Spt5) and one member of the PcG complex (Pho) in Drosophila. We have also detected a genetic interaction between the Spt5W049 and phocv alleles in vivo. The W049 variant of Spt5 causes ectopic 23148522 transcription through the P-TEFb checkpoint [11]. Thus, we propose a model in which Spt5 acts together Pho to prevent RNAP II transcribing through the P-TEFb checkpoint to maintain PcG repression. In Spt5W049/+; phocv/phocv flies, the effects of the greatly reduced levels of Pho on PcG repression are exacerbated by a proportion of the remaining Pho interacting with the W049 variant of Spt5 that allows aberrant transcription through the PTEFb checkpoint. Pho also functions independently of PcG complexes. One example of this is Pho’s function during the recovery from heat shock to repress heat shock gene expression to basal levels [26]. The mechanism to establish recovery from heat shock involves inducing RNAP II to pause at the P-TEFb checkpoint [43]. Observations made by Beisel at al., lead to a speculative model that Pho interacts directly with the RNAP II elongation complex or a remodeling complex [26]. Our observation that Pho interacts with Spt5 supports this model. Mutations in Spt5 lead to a greatly diminished heat shock response, making it difficult to evaluate the role of Spt5 in heat shock recovery ([11] and BHJ unpublished data). However, Spt5 and Pho co-l.