X and age accordingly, similar to previous studies (9,14,15,17,21,36,40,57).Eligible participants (n

X and age accordingly, similar to previous studies (9,14,15,17,21,36,40,57).Eligible participants (n), observations or visits (n#), and visits/ participants (n ) were as follows: 1) had complete dietary CV205-502 hydrochloride web intake data from 1961 to 2007 (n2 = 1821 participants; n#2 = 4537 visits; n 2 range = 1?2 visits/participant, mean = 2.5 visits/participant); 2) had complete cognitive data from 1962 to 2008 (n3a-3j = 1199?704 participants; n# 3a-3j = 5111?0,704 visits depending on the cognitive test score; n 3 range = 1?2 visits/participant; mean = 3.4?.4 visits/participant); and 3) had 1 visits that were concurrent (i.e., during the same visit/ year) between dietary and cognitive data (n4a-4j = 628?305 participants; n#4a-4j = 1218?528 visits; n 4 range = 1?0 visits/participant; mean = 1.9?.0 visits/participant). Moreover, the mean (range) first-visit age for final samples with cognitive and dietary data (4a-4j) was 62 to 69 y (17?99 y), depending on the cognitive test. However, a distinction was made between first-visit characteristics (including age) and baseline characteristics. The “baseline” (base) visit was the earliest visit/year (Yearbase) with concurrent data on diet and cognition. Timing was similar for most tests, except for the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), historically initiated earlier in the BLSA. In samples 4a-4j, Yearbase ranged from 1961 to 2007 for BVRT and 1985 to 2007 for other cognitive tests. The baseline age (Agebase) range for samples 4a-4j was 18 to 93 y (mean: 62 y) for BVRT and 27 to 96 y (mean: 68?2 y) for other cognitive tests. Dietary assessment: caffeine and alcohol intake and BX795 supplier nutrient adequacy score Dietary intake was assessed with 7-d dietary records. BLSA participants were instructed by trained dietitians to estimate portion size, weigh foods, and complete the records (65?7). Intake was assessed in a noncontinuous fashion: 1961 to 1965 (1.01 of n#2 = 4537), 1968 to 1975 (31.10 of n#2), 1984 to 1992 (23.46 of n#2), and 1994 to 2007 (44.3 of n#2). Overall (n#2 = 4537, 1961?007), the means 6 SDs of completed dietary records was 6.04 6 1.73 (IQR: 6?). Food codes and amounts were recorded for each diary, with nutrient intakes [absolute and relative amounts (i.e., per 1000 kcal or energy)] estimated using a revised and up-to-date nutrient database (68) and averaged over available diaries per individual visit. Specifically, caffeine (per 100 mg/d) and alcohol (g/d) intakes and the nutrient adequacy score (NAS) were of primary interest. Moderate alcohol consumption was defined as 14 to 28 g/d and was compared with lower and higher amounts of intake as a sensitivity analysis, based on previous studies (22?5,37?9). To estimate the NAS, age/sex-specific DRIs for U.S. adults were used among others to categorize individuals according to adequacy of dietary intake for macronutrients (e.g., protein, carbohydrates, fat) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Among DRI, adequate intake (AI) was used to reference an amount of vitamins and minerals above which a participant intake was adequate without exceeding the UL. For carbohydrates, protein, and total fat ( energy), the acceptable macronutrient distribution range was used instead. Saturated fat ( energy) intake in moderation was estimated using the 2005 Healthy Eating Index complete score. Similarly, cholesterol (mg) intake was determined adequate based on the 1995 Healthy Eating Index complete score (60?2). For all NAS components, AI or AI and UL in combinat.X and age accordingly, similar to previous studies (9,14,15,17,21,36,40,57).Eligible participants (n), observations or visits (n#), and visits/ participants (n ) were as follows: 1) had complete dietary intake data from 1961 to 2007 (n2 = 1821 participants; n#2 = 4537 visits; n 2 range = 1?2 visits/participant, mean = 2.5 visits/participant); 2) had complete cognitive data from 1962 to 2008 (n3a-3j = 1199?704 participants; n# 3a-3j = 5111?0,704 visits depending on the cognitive test score; n 3 range = 1?2 visits/participant; mean = 3.4?.4 visits/participant); and 3) had 1 visits that were concurrent (i.e., during the same visit/ year) between dietary and cognitive data (n4a-4j = 628?305 participants; n#4a-4j = 1218?528 visits; n 4 range = 1?0 visits/participant; mean = 1.9?.0 visits/participant). Moreover, the mean (range) first-visit age for final samples with cognitive and dietary data (4a-4j) was 62 to 69 y (17?99 y), depending on the cognitive test. However, a distinction was made between first-visit characteristics (including age) and baseline characteristics. The “baseline” (base) visit was the earliest visit/year (Yearbase) with concurrent data on diet and cognition. Timing was similar for most tests, except for the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), historically initiated earlier in the BLSA. In samples 4a-4j, Yearbase ranged from 1961 to 2007 for BVRT and 1985 to 2007 for other cognitive tests. The baseline age (Agebase) range for samples 4a-4j was 18 to 93 y (mean: 62 y) for BVRT and 27 to 96 y (mean: 68?2 y) for other cognitive tests. Dietary assessment: caffeine and alcohol intake and nutrient adequacy score Dietary intake was assessed with 7-d dietary records. BLSA participants were instructed by trained dietitians to estimate portion size, weigh foods, and complete the records (65?7). Intake was assessed in a noncontinuous fashion: 1961 to 1965 (1.01 of n#2 = 4537), 1968 to 1975 (31.10 of n#2), 1984 to 1992 (23.46 of n#2), and 1994 to 2007 (44.3 of n#2). Overall (n#2 = 4537, 1961?007), the means 6 SDs of completed dietary records was 6.04 6 1.73 (IQR: 6?). Food codes and amounts were recorded for each diary, with nutrient intakes [absolute and relative amounts (i.e., per 1000 kcal or energy)] estimated using a revised and up-to-date nutrient database (68) and averaged over available diaries per individual visit. Specifically, caffeine (per 100 mg/d) and alcohol (g/d) intakes and the nutrient adequacy score (NAS) were of primary interest. Moderate alcohol consumption was defined as 14 to 28 g/d and was compared with lower and higher amounts of intake as a sensitivity analysis, based on previous studies (22?5,37?9). To estimate the NAS, age/sex-specific DRIs for U.S. adults were used among others to categorize individuals according to adequacy of dietary intake for macronutrients (e.g., protein, carbohydrates, fat) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Among DRI, adequate intake (AI) was used to reference an amount of vitamins and minerals above which a participant intake was adequate without exceeding the UL. For carbohydrates, protein, and total fat ( energy), the acceptable macronutrient distribution range was used instead. Saturated fat ( energy) intake in moderation was estimated using the 2005 Healthy Eating Index complete score. Similarly, cholesterol (mg) intake was determined adequate based on the 1995 Healthy Eating Index complete score (60?2). For all NAS components, AI or AI and UL in combinat.