1 independent variable, country as the level 2 variable, and centered PAS as

1 independent variable, country as the level 2 variable, and centered PAS as a randomeffects Rocaglamide dose parameter at level 2. This revealed a significant model (2 (1) = 169.11, p < .001) with PAS (level 1 PAS) significantly predicting life satisfaction (B = -.31, p < .001). The analyses yielded an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of .34 for life satisfaction. In other words, 34 percent of individuals' life satisfaction was explained by centered PAS at the country level. In the second model we examined the relationship between PAS and national identification. The model was significant, 2 (1) = 134.37, p < .001, and PAS significantly predicted national identification, B = -.46, p < .001. The analyses yielded an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of .45. We further examined whether PAS explained more variance in these predicted outcomes compared to the country-level indicators of social and economic stability in Study 3a. To achieve this, first we entered life satisfaction as the dependent Mdivi-1 site variable and PAS along with other social and economic stability indicators as independent variables at level 1 in nine separate models (see Table 7). We used these nine models in order to avoid multicollinearity problems associated with the indicators of social and economic stability (12 correlations higher than .78 exist among the nine indicators of social and economic instability). We included country and PAS centered score at level 2. The result revealed that out of all independent variables at level 1 across nine models, PAS was the only and the strongest predictor of life satisfaction (B = -.30 to -.33, p < .001, see Table 7). Next, we repeated the same analysis for national identification. The result showed that PAS was most strongly associated with national identification (B = -.44 to -.47, p < .001); while four country-level indicators of the social and economicPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,19 /Measuring AnomieTable 7. Multilevel regression predicting life satisfaction and national identification. Model A Parameters Model 1a, 1b Model 2a, 2b Model 3a, 3b Model 4a, 4b Model 5a, 5b Model 6a, 6b Model 7a, 7b Model 8a, 8b Model 9a, 9b PAS Human inequality PAS HDI PAS Inequality adjusted HDI PAS Poverty PAS Corruption PAS Corruption control PAS GDP per capita PAS Unemployment PAS Youth unemployment * at p < .05 ** at p < .01 *** at p < .001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370.t007 DV: Life satisfaction -.33*** -.01 -.32*** .24 -.33*** .47 -.30*** -.01 -.31** .01 -.31*** .09 -.31*** 4.89 -.32*** -.01 -.32*** -.01 Model B DV: identification -.46*** .04** -.47*** -2.83** -.47*** -2.20** -.44*** .01 -.46*** -.01 -.47*** -.20* -.46*** -7.90 -.45*** -.01 -.45*** -.stability were also significantly related to national identification, there were so to a lesser extent (human inequality: B = .04, p = .004; HDI: B = -2.83, p = .001, inequality adjusted HDI: B = -2.20, p = .001, corruption control: B = -.20, p = .026, see Table 7).DiscussionStudy 3b focused on the predictive validity of PAS. We examined the effect of PAS on life satisfaction and national identification. At the individual level we found that higher PAS was associated with lower life satisfaction and lower national identification. Additionally, at the country level we found that aggregate perceptions of anomie were associated with both lower wellbeing and lower identification with the superordinate group. The latter results provide good evidence that it is anomie as a state.1 independent variable, country as the level 2 variable, and centered PAS as a randomeffects parameter at level 2. This revealed a significant model (2 (1) = 169.11, p < .001) with PAS (level 1 PAS) significantly predicting life satisfaction (B = -.31, p < .001). The analyses yielded an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of .34 for life satisfaction. In other words, 34 percent of individuals' life satisfaction was explained by centered PAS at the country level. In the second model we examined the relationship between PAS and national identification. The model was significant, 2 (1) = 134.37, p < .001, and PAS significantly predicted national identification, B = -.46, p < .001. The analyses yielded an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of .45. We further examined whether PAS explained more variance in these predicted outcomes compared to the country-level indicators of social and economic stability in Study 3a. To achieve this, first we entered life satisfaction as the dependent variable and PAS along with other social and economic stability indicators as independent variables at level 1 in nine separate models (see Table 7). We used these nine models in order to avoid multicollinearity problems associated with the indicators of social and economic stability (12 correlations higher than .78 exist among the nine indicators of social and economic instability). We included country and PAS centered score at level 2. The result revealed that out of all independent variables at level 1 across nine models, PAS was the only and the strongest predictor of life satisfaction (B = -.30 to -.33, p < .001, see Table 7). Next, we repeated the same analysis for national identification. The result showed that PAS was most strongly associated with national identification (B = -.44 to -.47, p < .001); while four country-level indicators of the social and economicPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,19 /Measuring AnomieTable 7. Multilevel regression predicting life satisfaction and national identification. Model A Parameters Model 1a, 1b Model 2a, 2b Model 3a, 3b Model 4a, 4b Model 5a, 5b Model 6a, 6b Model 7a, 7b Model 8a, 8b Model 9a, 9b PAS Human inequality PAS HDI PAS Inequality adjusted HDI PAS Poverty PAS Corruption PAS Corruption control PAS GDP per capita PAS Unemployment PAS Youth unemployment * at p < .05 ** at p < .01 *** at p < .001. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370.t007 DV: Life satisfaction -.33*** -.01 -.32*** .24 -.33*** .47 -.30*** -.01 -.31** .01 -.31*** .09 -.31*** 4.89 -.32*** -.01 -.32*** -.01 Model B DV: identification -.46*** .04** -.47*** -2.83** -.47*** -2.20** -.44*** .01 -.46*** -.01 -.47*** -.20* -.46*** -7.90 -.45*** -.01 -.45*** -.stability were also significantly related to national identification, there were so to a lesser extent (human inequality: B = .04, p = .004; HDI: B = -2.83, p = .001, inequality adjusted HDI: B = -2.20, p = .001, corruption control: B = -.20, p = .026, see Table 7).DiscussionStudy 3b focused on the predictive validity of PAS. We examined the effect of PAS on life satisfaction and national identification. At the individual level we found that higher PAS was associated with lower life satisfaction and lower national identification. Additionally, at the country level we found that aggregate perceptions of anomie were associated with both lower wellbeing and lower identification with the superordinate group. The latter results provide good evidence that it is anomie as a state.