Rotonation occurs at the nitrogen not bound to the redox-active metal

Rotonation occurs at the nitrogen not bound to the redox-active metal center. In such systems there is a formal separation between the redox and the acid/base sites (see also Section 6): there are 3 chemical bonds and 4 ?separation between the metal center and the acidic/basic nitrogen (Figure 12). Even with this separation the redox and acid/base chemistry is still coupled. In general, protonation/deprotonation of metal-imidazole complexes results in a change of 0.3 to 0.5 V in reduction potential (Table 21 and reference 425). Even though this `thermochemical communication’ is substantially less than in compounds where the proton is bound to an atom directly bonded to the metal, as discussed above, imidazole complexes are still able to mediate concerted H-transfer reactions. Of these systems perhaps the most well explored are the iron(II)tris(2-2-biimidazoline)2+ (FeIIH2bip) and iron(II)tris(2,2-(tetrahydro)pyrimidine)2+ (FeIIH2bip).84,426?27428 The FeII(H2bim) and FeII(H2bip) systems have similar acid/base properties in MeCN, with pKa = 17.5. The systems have slightly different redox potentials in MeCN, E1/2(FeIII/II(H2bim)) = -0.31 V84 and E1/2(FeIII/II(H2bip)) = -0.55 V428 (both vs. Fc+/0). Application of eq 7 gives BDFE(FeIIH2bim) = 71.7 kcal mol-1 and BDFE(FeIIH2bip) = 66.2 kcal mol-1. The FeIIH2bip and FeIIIH2bip compounds are both mixtures of high-spin and low-spin forms at ambient Thonzonium (bromide)MedChemExpress Thonzonium (bromide) temperatures in MeCN, which indirectly affects their hydrogen atom self-exchange rate.427 The related cobalt-H2bim complexes have similar thermochemistry, with a BDFE of 70.5 kcal mol-1.429 In this system, CoIIH2bim is high spin while CoIIH2bim is low spin, and HAT reactions that interconvert these two are very slow.428,429 These iron and cobalt H2bim and H2bip systems all have large ground-state entropy changes (S? associated with their 1e-/1H+ redox couples, so the initial analyses of these systems using BDEs has been revised.39,40 Related ruthenium systems have been developed using a bidentate 2-(2-pyridyl)-imidazole ligand (py-imH) and with either acac (2,4-pentanedionato) or 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-acac (hfacac) as supporting ligands.430 In both sets of compounds, deprotonation of the imidazole reduces the redox potential by 0.36 V (and, equivalently, oxidation from RuII to RuIII makes the imidazole proton more acidic by 6.1 pKa units). The BDFEs in (acac)2RuII(py-imH) and in TpOsIII(NH2Ph)Cl2, 62.1 and 61.5 kcal mol-1 respectively, are unusually low for N bonds. HAT reactions of (acac)2RuII(py-imH) show large H/D kinetic isotope effects and involve substantial hydrogen tunneling.75 Replacing acac with hfacac increases the BDFE by a remarkable 17.6 kcal mol-1.430 This is principally the result of differences in the reduction potentials; the pKa of the imidazole ligand is not strongly affected. This illustrates that the effect off ligands and substituents onXR9576 solubility NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptChem Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 8.Warren et al.PageBDFEs is not always straightforward. Electron-withdrawing groups, for instance, will make a complex more oxidizing but also more acidic, and these two effects are in opposite directions in terms of the BDFE. This is perhaps most clearly illustrated for substituted toluenes, where substituents strongly affect E?and pKa values, but the benzylic C bond strengths are much more constant.346 In phenols, however, electron donating substituents lower.Rotonation occurs at the nitrogen not bound to the redox-active metal center. In such systems there is a formal separation between the redox and the acid/base sites (see also Section 6): there are 3 chemical bonds and 4 ?separation between the metal center and the acidic/basic nitrogen (Figure 12). Even with this separation the redox and acid/base chemistry is still coupled. In general, protonation/deprotonation of metal-imidazole complexes results in a change of 0.3 to 0.5 V in reduction potential (Table 21 and reference 425). Even though this `thermochemical communication’ is substantially less than in compounds where the proton is bound to an atom directly bonded to the metal, as discussed above, imidazole complexes are still able to mediate concerted H-transfer reactions. Of these systems perhaps the most well explored are the iron(II)tris(2-2-biimidazoline)2+ (FeIIH2bip) and iron(II)tris(2,2-(tetrahydro)pyrimidine)2+ (FeIIH2bip).84,426?27428 The FeII(H2bim) and FeII(H2bip) systems have similar acid/base properties in MeCN, with pKa = 17.5. The systems have slightly different redox potentials in MeCN, E1/2(FeIII/II(H2bim)) = -0.31 V84 and E1/2(FeIII/II(H2bip)) = -0.55 V428 (both vs. Fc+/0). Application of eq 7 gives BDFE(FeIIH2bim) = 71.7 kcal mol-1 and BDFE(FeIIH2bip) = 66.2 kcal mol-1. The FeIIH2bip and FeIIIH2bip compounds are both mixtures of high-spin and low-spin forms at ambient temperatures in MeCN, which indirectly affects their hydrogen atom self-exchange rate.427 The related cobalt-H2bim complexes have similar thermochemistry, with a BDFE of 70.5 kcal mol-1.429 In this system, CoIIH2bim is high spin while CoIIH2bim is low spin, and HAT reactions that interconvert these two are very slow.428,429 These iron and cobalt H2bim and H2bip systems all have large ground-state entropy changes (S? associated with their 1e-/1H+ redox couples, so the initial analyses of these systems using BDEs has been revised.39,40 Related ruthenium systems have been developed using a bidentate 2-(2-pyridyl)-imidazole ligand (py-imH) and with either acac (2,4-pentanedionato) or 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-acac (hfacac) as supporting ligands.430 In both sets of compounds, deprotonation of the imidazole reduces the redox potential by 0.36 V (and, equivalently, oxidation from RuII to RuIII makes the imidazole proton more acidic by 6.1 pKa units). The BDFEs in (acac)2RuII(py-imH) and in TpOsIII(NH2Ph)Cl2, 62.1 and 61.5 kcal mol-1 respectively, are unusually low for N bonds. HAT reactions of (acac)2RuII(py-imH) show large H/D kinetic isotope effects and involve substantial hydrogen tunneling.75 Replacing acac with hfacac increases the BDFE by a remarkable 17.6 kcal mol-1.430 This is principally the result of differences in the reduction potentials; the pKa of the imidazole ligand is not strongly affected. This illustrates that the effect off ligands and substituents onNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptChem Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 8.Warren et al.PageBDFEs is not always straightforward. Electron-withdrawing groups, for instance, will make a complex more oxidizing but also more acidic, and these two effects are in opposite directions in terms of the BDFE. This is perhaps most clearly illustrated for substituted toluenes, where substituents strongly affect E?and pKa values, but the benzylic C bond strengths are much more constant.346 In phenols, however, electron donating substituents lower.