Level [11, 14, 15, 21?3], as the sole measure of human behavioral response. However, the

Level [11, 14, 15, 21?3], as the sole measure of human behavioral response. However, the number of calls is only one type of behavior that could change in response to emergency events. Several studies have demonstrated that population mobility is also severely affected by large-scale disasters [16, 19, 29], thus mobility should also be considered to improve the efficiency and reach of event detection systems. For example, some events, such as tsunamis, might require immediate evacuation and leave time to make phone calls only after the event is over. In this case, we might find initially increased mobility but decreased call frequency. From the Rwandan mobile phone data, we create two measures of behavior: call frequency and movement frequency. For both measures, we chose a day as the reference unit of time, so our measures are the number of calls per day and number of moves per day. Our data provide 327,335,422 person days of each measure. Periods of time that are shorter or longer than a day can be employed without any subsequent changes to our methods. Call frequency is a relatively straightforward measure, whereas measuring movement frequency is more involved, given the complexities of defining what is a “move” using mobile phone data. First, a person’s path of travel for a whole day must be traced; we call this trace a spatiotemporal trajectory. The approximate spatiotemporal trajectory of a mobile phone and its user can be reconstructed by linking the CDRs associated with that phone with the locations (latitude and longitude) of the cellular towers that Q-VD-OPhMedChemExpress Q-VD-OPh handled the communications. Instead of defining spatiotemporal trajectories directly with respect to the locations of the cellular towers, we use a system of 2040 grid cells each measuring 5 km x 5 km that ICG-001 web covers Rwanda’s territory [30]. Some grid cells have a cellular tower in them, some do not, and some have multiple cellular towers. We refer to a grid cell with at least one active tower as a site. The introduction of a grid system increases error in location measurement slightly, but is necessary to alleviate serious problems of endogeneity between mobility measurements and social, economic, and political characteristics of context and spatial placement of mobile phone towers. Consistent use of 5 km x 5 km cells, instead of cells of other sizes, is also necessary so as not to create problems similar to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) [31]. See [30] for a detailed discussion on these issues. Once a grid system is imposed and a spatiotemporal trajectory created for each person, movement frequency can be calculated as the number of times a person makes a call from a different grid cell than the previous call–see Section SI1 in S1 Supporting Information for details.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0120449 March 25,3 /Spatiotemporal Detection of Unusual Human Population BehaviorEvent recordsOur data on violent and political events, natural disasters, and major holidays come from a variety of public sources. We use an existing dataset of violent and political events from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)[32]. ACLED collects extensive data on conflict-related events including battles, killings, riots and protests, and violence against civilians. Their information, obtained from local and international newspaper and radio sources, includes details on the date and location of each event, as well as the type of event, groups involved, and fatalities.Level [11, 14, 15, 21?3], as the sole measure of human behavioral response. However, the number of calls is only one type of behavior that could change in response to emergency events. Several studies have demonstrated that population mobility is also severely affected by large-scale disasters [16, 19, 29], thus mobility should also be considered to improve the efficiency and reach of event detection systems. For example, some events, such as tsunamis, might require immediate evacuation and leave time to make phone calls only after the event is over. In this case, we might find initially increased mobility but decreased call frequency. From the Rwandan mobile phone data, we create two measures of behavior: call frequency and movement frequency. For both measures, we chose a day as the reference unit of time, so our measures are the number of calls per day and number of moves per day. Our data provide 327,335,422 person days of each measure. Periods of time that are shorter or longer than a day can be employed without any subsequent changes to our methods. Call frequency is a relatively straightforward measure, whereas measuring movement frequency is more involved, given the complexities of defining what is a “move” using mobile phone data. First, a person’s path of travel for a whole day must be traced; we call this trace a spatiotemporal trajectory. The approximate spatiotemporal trajectory of a mobile phone and its user can be reconstructed by linking the CDRs associated with that phone with the locations (latitude and longitude) of the cellular towers that handled the communications. Instead of defining spatiotemporal trajectories directly with respect to the locations of the cellular towers, we use a system of 2040 grid cells each measuring 5 km x 5 km that covers Rwanda’s territory [30]. Some grid cells have a cellular tower in them, some do not, and some have multiple cellular towers. We refer to a grid cell with at least one active tower as a site. The introduction of a grid system increases error in location measurement slightly, but is necessary to alleviate serious problems of endogeneity between mobility measurements and social, economic, and political characteristics of context and spatial placement of mobile phone towers. Consistent use of 5 km x 5 km cells, instead of cells of other sizes, is also necessary so as not to create problems similar to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) [31]. See [30] for a detailed discussion on these issues. Once a grid system is imposed and a spatiotemporal trajectory created for each person, movement frequency can be calculated as the number of times a person makes a call from a different grid cell than the previous call–see Section SI1 in S1 Supporting Information for details.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0120449 March 25,3 /Spatiotemporal Detection of Unusual Human Population BehaviorEvent recordsOur data on violent and political events, natural disasters, and major holidays come from a variety of public sources. We use an existing dataset of violent and political events from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)[32]. ACLED collects extensive data on conflict-related events including battles, killings, riots and protests, and violence against civilians. Their information, obtained from local and international newspaper and radio sources, includes details on the date and location of each event, as well as the type of event, groups involved, and fatalities.