He cell. Consequently, each finite element node on the cell membrane

He cell. Consequently, each finite element node on the cell membrane, which has less internal deformation, will have a higher traction force [69]. On the contrary, the drag force opposes the cell motion through the substrate that depends on the relative velocity and the linear viscoelastic character of the cell substrate. At micro-scale the viscous resistance dominates the inertial resistance of a viscose fluid [75]. Assuming ECM as a viscoelastic s11606-015-3271-0 medium and considering negligible convection, Stokes’ drag force around a sphere can be described as [76]s FD ?6 prZ sub??where v is the relative velocity and r is the spherical object radius. (Esub) is the effective medium viscosity. Within a substrate with a linear stiffness gradient, we assume that effective viscosity is linearly proportional to the medium stiffness, Esub, at each point. Therefore it can be calculated as Z sub ??Zmin ?lEsub ??where is the proportionality coefficient and min is the viscosity of the medium corresponding to minimum stiffness. Although, the viscosity coefficient may be finally saturated with higher substrate stiffness, this saturation occurs outside the substrate stiffness range that is proper for some cells [58]. Equation 5 was developed by Stoke to calculate the drag force around a spherical shape object with radius r. This typical fpsyg.2014.00822 equation was employed in our previous works for cell migration with constant spherical shape [66, 69]. In the present work, according to Equations 17?9, an inaccurate calculation of the drag force may affect considerably the calculation accuracy of the cell velocity and polarization purchase Necrosulfonamide direction. So that, according to [77, 78], a shape factor is appreciated to moderate the Stokes’ drag expression to be suitable for irregular cell shape. The drag of irregular solid objects depends on the degree of non-sphericity and their relative orientation to the flow. Therefore for an irregular object shape the drag is basically anisotropic compared to movement direction. Since here the objective is to investigate cell migration while cellPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0122094 March 30,5 /3D Num. Model of Cell Morphology during Mig. in Multi-Signaling Sub.morphology changes, calculation of the drag force using Equation 5 will not be precise enough. Due to the randomness of the cell shapes and dynamics, description of drag force for objects with irregular shape is extremely complicated. It is thought that only probabilistic and approximate predictions can be reasonable and useful to describe drag force for highly irregular particles [77, 78]. Therefore, referring to CEP-37440 molecular weight experimental observations, an appropriate shape factor, fshape, is appreciated to moderate the Stokes’ drag expression for highly irregularly-shaped objects which is accurate enough [68, 77, 78]s Fdrag ?fshape FD??A wide variety of shape-characterizing parameters has been suggested for irregular particles. Here we have employed Corey Shape Factor (CSF) which is the most common and accurate shape factor. It appreciates three main lengths of an object that are mutually perpendicularly to each other as 0:09 l l ??fshape ?max med 2 lmin where lmax, lmed and lmin are the cell’s longest, intermediate and the shortest dimensions, respectively, which are representative of cell surface area changes [77]. In the case of a spherical cell shape, this shape factor delivers 1. Although other shape factors have been proposed to characterize the shape irregularity, using the max-med-min length fa.He cell. Consequently, each finite element node on the cell membrane, which has less internal deformation, will have a higher traction force [69]. On the contrary, the drag force opposes the cell motion through the substrate that depends on the relative velocity and the linear viscoelastic character of the cell substrate. At micro-scale the viscous resistance dominates the inertial resistance of a viscose fluid [75]. Assuming ECM as a viscoelastic s11606-015-3271-0 medium and considering negligible convection, Stokes’ drag force around a sphere can be described as [76]s FD ?6 prZ sub??where v is the relative velocity and r is the spherical object radius. (Esub) is the effective medium viscosity. Within a substrate with a linear stiffness gradient, we assume that effective viscosity is linearly proportional to the medium stiffness, Esub, at each point. Therefore it can be calculated as Z sub ??Zmin ?lEsub ??where is the proportionality coefficient and min is the viscosity of the medium corresponding to minimum stiffness. Although, the viscosity coefficient may be finally saturated with higher substrate stiffness, this saturation occurs outside the substrate stiffness range that is proper for some cells [58]. Equation 5 was developed by Stoke to calculate the drag force around a spherical shape object with radius r. This typical fpsyg.2014.00822 equation was employed in our previous works for cell migration with constant spherical shape [66, 69]. In the present work, according to Equations 17?9, an inaccurate calculation of the drag force may affect considerably the calculation accuracy of the cell velocity and polarization direction. So that, according to [77, 78], a shape factor is appreciated to moderate the Stokes’ drag expression to be suitable for irregular cell shape. The drag of irregular solid objects depends on the degree of non-sphericity and their relative orientation to the flow. Therefore for an irregular object shape the drag is basically anisotropic compared to movement direction. Since here the objective is to investigate cell migration while cellPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0122094 March 30,5 /3D Num. Model of Cell Morphology during Mig. in Multi-Signaling Sub.morphology changes, calculation of the drag force using Equation 5 will not be precise enough. Due to the randomness of the cell shapes and dynamics, description of drag force for objects with irregular shape is extremely complicated. It is thought that only probabilistic and approximate predictions can be reasonable and useful to describe drag force for highly irregular particles [77, 78]. Therefore, referring to experimental observations, an appropriate shape factor, fshape, is appreciated to moderate the Stokes’ drag expression for highly irregularly-shaped objects which is accurate enough [68, 77, 78]s Fdrag ?fshape FD??A wide variety of shape-characterizing parameters has been suggested for irregular particles. Here we have employed Corey Shape Factor (CSF) which is the most common and accurate shape factor. It appreciates three main lengths of an object that are mutually perpendicularly to each other as 0:09 l l ??fshape ?max med 2 lmin where lmax, lmed and lmin are the cell’s longest, intermediate and the shortest dimensions, respectively, which are representative of cell surface area changes [77]. In the case of a spherical cell shape, this shape factor delivers 1. Although other shape factors have been proposed to characterize the shape irregularity, using the max-med-min length fa.