High costs, with dosing especially problematic for children younger than sixHigh costs, with dosing especially

High costs, with dosing especially problematic for children younger than six
High costs, with dosing especially problematic for children younger than six years, largely a result of the low priority that is given globally to the development of paediatric formulations and regimens [26]. 3TC monotherapy and other sub-optimal interim measures, although being used in some resource-limited settings, are not evidence based, whereas continued PI therapy, even when it does not achieve virological success, could nevertheless PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636517 render immunological and clinical benefit in children [27], but at the potential cost of resistance accumulation.BX795 site competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 30 May 2011 Accepted: 15 November 2011 Published: 15 November 2011 References 1. Chadwick EG, Capparelli EV, Yogev R, Pinto JA, Robbins B, PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27488460 Rodman JH, Chen J, Palumbo P, Serchuck L, Smith E, Hughes M, P1030 team: Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 months of age: 24 week results. AIDS 2008, 22(2):249-255. 2. Ren Y, Nuttall JJ, Egbers C, Eley BS, Meyers TM, Smith PJ, Maartens G, McIlleron HM: Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIVinfected children with tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008, 47(5):566-569. 3. van Zyl GU, van der Merwe L, Claassen M, Cotton MF, Rabie H, Prozesky HW, Preiser W: Protease Inhibitor Resistance in South African Children With Virologic Failure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28(12):1125-1127. 4. van Zyl GU, Claassen M, Engelbrecht S, Laten JD, Cotton MF, Theron GB, Preiser W: Zidovudine with nevirapine for the prevention of HIV motherto-child transmission reduces nevirapine resistance in mothers from the Western Cape, South Africa. J Med Virol 2008, 80(6):942-946. 5. Jaspan HB, Berrisford AE, Boulle AM: Two-year outcomes of children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor regimens in a South African pediatric antiretroviral program. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(11):993-998. 6. Palumbo P, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, Cotton MF, Bobat R, Meyers T, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Chi BH, Musoke P, Kamthunzi P, Schimana W, Purdue L, Eshleman SH, Abrams EJ, Millar L, Petzold E, Mofenson LM, JeanPhilippe P, Violari A: Antiretroviral treatment for children with peripartum nevirapine exposure. N Engl J Med 2010, 363(16):1510-1520. 7. Palumbo P, Violari A, Lindsey J, Hughes M, Jean-Philippe P, Mofenson L, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Kamthunzi P, Eshleman S, Purdue L: NVP-vs LPV/rbased ART among HIV+ Infants in Resource-limited Settings: The IMPAACT P1060 Trial 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Oppurtunistic Infections Boston, MA, USA; 2011. 8. Coovadia A, Abrams EJ, Stehlau R, Meyers T, Martens L, Sherman G, Hunt G, Hu CC, Tsai WY, Morris L, Kuhn L: Reuse of nevirapine in exposed HIVinfected children after protease inhibitor-based viral suppression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304(10):1082-1090. 9. Frange P, Briand N, Avettand-Fenoel V, Veber F, Moshous D, Mahlaoui N, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Chaix ML: Lopinavir/Ritonavir-based Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-infected Naive Children: Rare Protease Inhibitor Resistance Mutations But High Lamivudine/Emtricitabine Resistance at the Time of Virologic Failure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30(8):684-688. 10. Soares EA, Santos AF, Gonzalez LM, Lalonde MS, Tebit DM, Tanuri A, Arts EJ, Soares MA: Mutation T74S in HIV-1 subtype B and C proteases resensitizes them to ritonavir and indinavir and confers fitness advantage. J Anti.